C A P I T A L

Accumulation of capital:

- as aim and compelling motive of industrial capital -- 59, 507;
- hoarding as factor of accumulation -- 79, 85-86, 123, 477, 493;
- as a means to expand production of surplus-value -- 80, 123;
- as capitalisation of surplus-value -- 82;
- accumulation of money-capital in bank deposits and securities -- 86,
    123;
- money reserve fund -- 86, 167, 175, 324, 351, 453;
- and growth of productive power of labour -- 360;
- necessity of accumulation under capitalism -- 498-99;
- simple reproduction as an actual factor of -- 396-99;
- expenditure of surplus-labour in accumulation -- 500;
- extension of business without accumulation -- 504;
- rate of accumulation -- 524.

Advanced capital:

- minimum magnitude of -- 81, 85, 86, 110, 123, 262;
- time for which fixed capital is advanced -- 165, 171;
- and capital-value turned over annually -- 187;
- and terms of payment -- 191;
- and distribution of social surplus-value -- 220;
- and duration of productive acts -- 232, 233, 236;
- and length of working period -- 235, 320;
- and credit system -- 237, 238;
- and interuptions in working period -- 244-45;
- money-form of -- 257, 259-60, 268, 346, 361;
- advancement of variable capital -- 302, 382, 383.

Agriculture:

- commodity character of farmer's economy -- 118;
- natural economy -- 118, 119;
- production of raw materials -- 146;
- expansion of production -- 176;
- Quesmay on capital employed in -- 193;
- taxes and rent are detrimental to -- 238-39;
- working period in -- 239, 244;
- difference between production time and working time in -- 244, 245,
    246, 250;
- condition of agricultural labourer -- 245;
- shortening of turnover time in -- 246-48;
- production time and forestry -- 247-48, 250;
- turnover cycle in -- 251;
- economic and natural process of reproduction in -- 363;
- employment of labour-power in -- 454, 485;
- reproduction of constant capital in -- 525.

See also Cattle-breeding.

Anarchy of capitalist production:

- and waste of productive forces -- 175;
- and distubances in production -- 319;
- and over-production -- 473;
- and crises -- 499.

See also Crises.

Arabs:

- Effect of world trade on -- 35.

Banks:

- deposits -- 86, 123, 349, 353, 497;
- concentration of banking operations -- 137;
- withdrawl of deposits and money-market -- 295;
- and circulation of money-capital -- 350, 416-17;
- assets of -- 349, 353.

Bill of exchange:

- accumulation of money-capital in form of -- 86.

Bourgeoisie:

See Capitalist.

See also Capital, Capitalist mode of production, Classes.

Capital:

- augmentation of capital as condition of its preservation -- 81;
- as a value generating value -- 83;
- characteristic features of social capital -- 100, 108-09;
- revolutions in value of social capital -- 109-10, 111;
- can be understood only as motion -- 109-;
- movement of social capital -- 355, 356;
- social capital as joint-stock capital of all individual capitalists -- 437.

See also Advanced capital, Money, Money-capital, Productive capital.

Capital of circulation:

- as opposed to productive capital -- 196, 200, 203, 208, 210.

See also Circulation, Commodity-capital, Money-capital.

Capitalist:

- growth of individual consumption of -- 70;
- as personification of industrial capital -- 121;
- and labourer -- 414, 447, 518-19;
- consumption and revenue of -- 423-24;
- and circulation of money -- 337,
- and variable capital -- 443, 451;
- industrial capitalist and idle capitalist in Destutt de Tracey -- 484-92.

See also Capital, Capitalist mode of production, Classes.

Capitalist mode of production:

- value of newly produced commodity is higher than that of its elements of
    production -- 17, 26, 120;
- purchase and sale of labour-power as a basic condition of -- 17, 26, 30,
    36-37, 77, 84, 119-20, 349, 357, 389;
- and separation of labour-power from means of production -- 32;
- capitalist production and commodity production -- 36, 113, 119, 499,
    504;
- labourers and means of production as factors of production -- 34-35;
- and revolutionisation of economic structure of society -- 36, 57,
    compelling motive of -- 58-59, 70, 80, 99, 123, 157, 355, 389,
        449, 507;
- vulgar political economy on capitalist process of production -- 68;
- quantity of commodities created by capitalist production depends on the
    scale of production -- 77;
- and technique -- 36, 57, 79, 110, 173;
- continuity of capitalist production -- 105, 108, 285;
- and evolution of agricultural labourer into wage-labourer -- 119-20;
- mode of production and mode of exchange -- 120;
- and market -- 154-55;
- anarchy of production and waste of productive forces -- 175, 320, 473;
- contradictions of -- 320;
- crisis and abnormal conditions of process of production -- 322,
- unproductive expenses (faux frasis ) of -- 134, 139, 142, 152, 350;
- and credit -- 350;
- and condition of working-class -- 414-15;
- and foreign trade -- 474;
- accidental character of balance in -- 499;
- method of analysing -- 512, 513.

Cattle-breeding -- 239, 241, 249, 250;

- use of replacement-fund to expand production -- 176;
    means of reducing working period in -- 241, 246, 247, 248.

See also Agriculture.

Centralisation of capitals:

- one-sided accumulation and centralisation of money-capital, and
    productive capital -- 354;
- scale of production and -- 360;
- as a changed distribution of industrial capitals -- 360;

China:

- effect of capitalist world trade on -- 36;
- Chinese artisans -- 105;
- commodity production of Chinese peasants -- 113;

Circuit of capital:

- purpose and outcome of -- 47, 58, 103;
- interruptions in circuit of capital -- 50, 106;
- fixation of capital for certain lengths of time in various phases of -- 50;
- as a unity of circulation and production -- 60, 103, 106;
- disturbances in it and reserve fund -- 87,
- three formulas of -- 103;
- as unity of its three forms -- 103, 106-07;
- and its turnover -- 158, 311;
- in production of precious metals -- 331;
- circuit of social capital -- 356, 358.

Circulation:

- production of commodities and circulation of commodities -- 33;
- of commodities under capitalism -- 33, 35, 61, 129, 393;
- of surplus-value and capital-value -- 42, 44, 68-69;
- of capital as part of general circulation of commodities -- 60-61, 71;
- within the circuit of productive capital -- 65-66;
- of surplus-value in simple reproduction -- 67, 68, 71-72;
- and formation of a fund for purchase and payment -- 78;
- money-capital and speed of -- 112;
- of industrial capital and world-marrket -- 113;
- process of circulation and development of commodity production --
    113-14;
- amount of money required for -- 116, 288, 329, 333, 335-36, 345,
    349;
- as a phase of reproduction process -- 129, 131, 355;
- and formation of supply -- 147, 148, 151;
- of portion of capital-value fixed in instruments of labour -- 161, 166;
- commodity-capital and money-capital as capital of circulation -- 196,
    198, 209;
- improvement in means of transportation and time of -- 255, 256;
- of money and wages -- 418, 482;
- credit and metalic circulation -- 504.

See also Exchange

Circulating capital:

- money-form of -- 87, 286;
- circulation of capital-value -- 161, 171;
- differences between it and fixed capital -- 161, 164, 171, 192,
    199-200, 204, 283;
- time for which it is advanced -- 169;
- additional investment of -- 235, , 263;
- and methods to reduce time of turnover in agriculture -- 246-48;
- changes in amount of -- 262;
- turnover of constant and variable part -- 298.

Classes:

- capitalist reproduction as reproduction of class of wage-labourers and
    class of capitalists -- 33, 384, 396, 420;
- exploitation of working-class under capitalism -- 37, 359, 513,
    519-20;
- industrial capital and class antagonism between capitalists and wage-
    labourers -- 57;
- working-class and crises of over-production -- 321, 414-15;

See also Capitalist, Peasantry.

Commodity [Commodity production]:

- and money -- 17, 29, 47, 358;
- universal character of commodity production under capitalism -- 32, 36,
    119, 138-39, 146, 499, 505;
- and division of social labour -- 36;
- transformation of commodity production into capitalist production -- 36,
    113;
- produced capitalistically and surplus-value -- 37;
- as element of commodity-capital -- 37, 40, 96, 146;
- hoarding in production of -- 85;
- commodity production in pre-capitalist modes of production -- 113, 389;
- purchase and sale with small independent producers of commodities --
    133, 135;
- commodity production and capitalist production with Adam Smith -- 392.

See also Commodity-capital.

Commodity-capital:

- as form of existence of capital-value which has produced surplus-value
    -- 37, 42, 47, 96;
- realisation of, and separation of surplus-value and capital-value -- 43,
    90, 95;
- and money-capital -- 47, 82;
- as a functional form of industrial capital -- 49, 57, 82;
- general formula of its circuit -- 8, 97;
- its circuit and that of surplus-value -- 90, 95, 99;
- and discrepancy between price and value -- 94;
- circuit of commodity-capital and its reproduction -- 94;
- consumption as condition of its circuit -- 95, 99, 396-97;
- depreciation of -- 112;
- and commodity-supply -- 139, 142, 145;
- speedy growth -- 505.

See also Commodity.

Communist society:

- book-keeping in collective production -- 137;
- supply in socialised production -- 472-73;
- preservation of difference in behaviour of means of production in
    labour-process -- 200-01;
- distribution of labour-power and means of production in socialised
    production -- 362;
- reproduction in -- 362, 455, 472, 473;
- planning of production in -- 362;
- distribution of products of department I in socialised production --
    427-28;
- control of society over process of reproduction -- 472-73.

Community:

- and wage-labour in Russia -- 34;
- commodity production of -- 113, 117, 390;
- book-keeping in primitive Indian communities -- 137;
- natural economy of primitive communities -- 483.

Competition:

- between commodity-capitals -- 78;
- and replacement of old instruments of labour by new ones -- 172;
- and minimum size of capital investment -- 262.

Concentration:

- and costs of book-keeping -- 137;
- social concentration of supplies -- 146;
- of transport industry -- 153;
- concentration in era of developed capitalism -- 237, 254;
- and credit -- 239, 497;
- of centres of production and markets -- 254;
- of money-capital in form of banks -- 417.

Constant capital:

- division of capital into fixed and circulating and difference between
    variable and constant capital -- 217, 222;
- difference in turnover of constant and variable part of circulating
    capital -- 297;
- employed and consumed in production -- 400;
- production of new constant capital -- 369, 430, 442;
- as part of value of commodity-capital it helped produce -- 522.

Consumption:

- productive consumption -- 25, 34, 43, 49, 57-58, 59, 76, 77-78,
    160-61;
- of the labourer and reproduction of labour-power -- 35, 59-60, 95,
    211, 356;
- pre-capitalist modes of production -- 36;
- individual consumption of labourer as condition of productive consumption
    -- 59-60, 77-78, 95, 167, 211, 356;
- individual consumption of capitalist and simple reproduction -- 66-67,
    413, 415;
- vulgar political economy sees in consumption the purpose of capitalist
    production -- 70;
- and crisis of over-production -- 77, 78, 414-15;
- as condition of the circuit of commodity-capital -- 99, 397;
- individual consumption-fund -- 95, 211, 372-73.

See also Use-value.

Co-operation:

- and increase in productive power of labour -- 144;
- and working period -- 237-38.

Costs of circulation:

- and value of commodities -- 132-33, 138, 148, 151;
- and exploitation of workers employed in trade -- 133-34;
- cost of book-keeping -- 136;
- money and -- 137, 350;
- unproductive expenses and enrichment of individual capitalists -- 139;
- and commodity-supply -- 140, 141, 146-47, 150;
- replacement of unproductive expenses -- 151;
- productive character of costs of transportation -- 151-52.

Credit [Credit system]:

- money-economy and credit-economy -- 119;
- and supply -- 145;
- and wrapping of real movement of reproduction in mystery -- 151;
- development of -- 185, 237, 325, 350, 361;
- development of, and functioning of money as capital -- 185, 502;
- development of, and advancing of other people's capital -- 238;
- and concentration of capital -- 239, 497;
- and different usances -- 256-57;
- use of fluxes and refluxes of money as auxiliary means of -- 483;
- and metallic circulation -- 504.

Crises:

- explanation of crisis by underconsumption of working-class -- 18, 414;
- attempts of bourgeois economists to prove the impossibility of over-
    production under capitalism -- 75;
- and contradiction between production and conumption -- 76, 77;
- manifestations of -- 78;
- and renewal of equipment -- 172;
- material basis of periodic crises -- 189;
- and material basis of next turnover cycle -- 188;
- and unemployment -- 319, 414;
- on money-market and abnormal conditions in process of production -- 321;
- and wages -- 414-15;
- in simple reproduction -- 471;
- possibility of, and conditions for return to normal course of reproduction
    -- 499.

See also Anarchy of capitalist production, Cycle.

Cycle:

- of turnovers of advanced capital-value -- 188-251
    [Chapters 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 -- DJR]
- of turnovers of fixed capital, and crisis -- 188-89;
- successive phases of -- 189;
- of turnover in agriculture -- 251;
- fluctuations of annual production in industrial cycle -- 525.

See also Crisis.

Demand and supply:

- of industrial capitalist and class of capitalists -- 119-22,
- labourer's savings from wages and his demand for necessities of life -- 120,
- of capitalist and turnover of capital -- 121,
- scale of production and demand -- 146,
- volume of supply and demand -- 148,
- demand for necessities of life and their price -- 344.

Depeciation:

See Replacement of capital, Wear and tear.

Division of social labour:

- and commodity production -- 34, 35;
- and increase in productive power of labour -- 143,
- and working period -- 238.

England:

- trade and credit relations with India -- 321-22,
- accumulated wealth in England and Ireland (according to Thompson) --
    326-27.

Exchange:

- mode of production and mode of -- 119,
- exchange between two departments of social production -- 402-06, 417-18,
    419-25, 431-32;
- exchanges among deals and among dealers and consumers -- 479-80;
- balance in exchange -- 498-99.

See also Circulation.

Fixed capital:

- peculiar features of circulation -- 160, 162, 170, 282-83;
- and instruments of labour -- 162;
- confusion in the minds of bourgeois economists of properties inherent
    in bodily form of instruments of labour with properties of fixed
    capital -- 163;
- difference between it and circulating capital -- 160, 163, 170, 191, 199,
    204, 207, 282;
- and locally fixed instruments of labour -- 165, 214-15;
- scale of production and magnitude of -- 168;
- repairs of -- 177;
- turnover time of, and cycle of turnovers of advanced capital -- 188, 251;
- division of capital into fixed and circulating and difference between
    constant and variable capital -- 217, 222;
- and prolongation of turnover time -- 240;
- and reduction of production time -- 243;
- replacement of -- 173, 186, 453-56.

See also Circulating capital, Productive capital.

Foreign Trade -- See Trade.

Gold:

- production of -- 48, 330, 474-75;
- circuit of capital in production of precious metals -- 57, 331-32;
- expenditure of labour-power and social means of production for production
    of gold and silver as circulating media -- 350, 361;
- annual reproduction of gold and silver -- 474.

See also Money.

Ground rent -- See Rent.

Hoard -- See Money.

India:

- effect of capitalist world commerce on -- 35-36;
- commodity production of Indian ryots -- 113;
- book-keeping in Indian communities -- 137;
- influence of American Civil War on Indian economy -- 144;
- famine of 1866 -- 144;
- famine and cattle-breeding in -- 240-41;
- trade and credit relations with England -- 256;
- export of English cotton goods and yarn to -- 321-22.

Industrial capital:

- definition of, and forms of its circuit -- 50, 82;
- and capitalist character of production -- 57, 61;
- and other kinds of capital -- 57;
- and money-capital -- 110;
- circuit of, and commodity circulation -- 112-13;
- world-market and circulation of -- 113, 118;
- its extended operation without changing its magnitude -- 510.

Insurance:

- insurance companies -- 140;
- insurance of destruction -- 180;
- insurance-fund intended for reproduction -- 368.

Instruments of labour -- See Means of production.

Joint-stock capital:

- as part of social capital -- 99, 437;
- nature of stocks -- 165-66, 353;
- joint-stock companies as associated capitalists -- 237, 481;
- house-building stock companies -- 237-38;
- stock companies and money-market -- 361;
- circulation of titles of ownership in shape of stocks -- 165-66, 214.

Labour:

- and creation of value -- 16, 18, 20, 29, 390;
- and labour-power -- 16-20, 119;
- forced -- 32, 237, 390, 483;
- surplus-labour is gratuitous labour performed for capital -- 37;
- capitalist society and wage-labour -- 108, 120, 348;
- character of labour performed in sphere of circulation -- 132-35;
- labour-process is measured by time -- 302;
- two-fold character of labour -- 381 387.

See also Productive power of labour.

Labour-power:

- purchase and sale of, as basic condition of capitalist production -- 17, 28,
    36, 76, 83, 109, 117-19, 348, 357, 388-89;
- value of -- 19, 118, 384, 386, 387;
- ratio of investment in labour-power and means of production -- 26;
- transformation into commodity -- 30;
- purchase and sale of, and class relation between capitalist and labourer --
    31;
- reproduction of, and consumption of labourer -- 35, 59-60, 95, 167,
    209, 356;
- manner of uniting labour-power with means of production determines
    economic structure of society -- 36-37;
- transformation into capital -- 37, 90-91, 116-17, 209, 375, 382,
    384, 443;
- and self-expansion of value -- 36, 38, 76, 215, 219,
- and evolution of agricultural producer into wage-labourer -- 119-20,
- its exclusion from productive capital by Adam Smith -- 208-09, 214-16;
- wage-labourer advances his labour to capitalist -- 219;
- unproductive labourers -- 414;
- employment of labour-power in agriculture -- 454, 484;

See also Reserve army of wage-labourers.

Landownership:

- in Russia after abolition of serfdom -- 32-34;
- landed property has long ago been redeemed by society -- 360.

Machinery:

- employment of, and productive power of labour -- 144;
- as commodity-capital and as fixed capital -- 163, 196-97, 229;
- peculiarity of turnover of its value -- 167, 199;
- moral depreciation -- 173;
- wear and tear of its different parts and their replacement -- 174, 453;
- use of replacement fund for improvement of -- 175;
- labour of cleaning of -- 177;
- repair work -- 177-78;
- employment of, and working period -- 236.

See also Means of production, Technique.

Market:

- world-market and circulation of industrial capital -- 112;
- development of world-market and magnitude of supplies -- 146;
- and period of selling -- 251;
- transport and concentration of -- 253;
- transport and world market -- 254;
- crises on money-market and abnormal conditions in process of production
    -- 322.

See also Trade.

Means of production:

- production of, is divorced from production of other commodities as a
    result of division of social labour -- 34-36;
- manner of uniting labour-power with means of production determines
    economic structure of society -- 35-37;
- transfer of value of instruments of labour to product -- 53, 160, 161;
- and labour-power as elements in labour-process -- 82, 167;
- instruments of labour and fixed capital -- 163;
- degree of fixity and durability of instruments of labour -- 163;
- confusion by bourgeois economists of properties of instruments of labour
    in their bodily form with properties of capital -- 164, 202-03;
- locally fixed instruments of labour -- 164, 213;
- revolutions in instruments of labour -- 173, 188;
- more effective use of instruments of labour without additional outlay of
    money -- 359;
- products of department I and revenue -- 369-70 372.

Means of subsistence:

- classification of means of subsistence of labourers by Adam Smith as
    circulating capital -- 215;
- consumed by labourer and capitalist -- 229;
- consumer necessities and articles of luxury -- 407, 415;
- crisis and consumption of luxuries -- 414;
- consumption of necessities of life by unproductive labourers -- 414.

Mercantilism:

- explanation of surplus-value -- 8;
- preaching of productive consumption -- 59-60;
- circuit of money-capital as basis of -- 61-62, 100-01;
- production of commodities as necessary element in -- 61-62.

Merchant's capital:

- wholesale trade and mass production -- 76, 113;
- and commodity production -- 113;
- its functions and economy of working time in society -- 134;
- exploitaton of trade workers -- 133-35.

See also Purchase and sale, Trade.

Money:

- commodity and -- 17, 29, 48, 358-59;
- transformation into capital -- 16-17, 30-31, 36, 46;
- functions of money and functions of capital -- 28, 31, 46, 78;
- as universal equivalent -- 29, 43, 44;
- precious metals as -- 38;
- and use-form of commodities -- 48, 58-59;
- money-making as compelling motive of capitalist production -- 58;
- as form of existence of value -- 59;
- as form of hoard -- 58, 59;
- hoard formation and real accumulation -- 67, 79, 80, 85, 151, 325,
    329;
- credit-money during first epoch of capitalist production -- 114;
- as means of payment -- 115, 190;
- money-reserve as premise of money circulation -- 151;
- credit system and hoarding -- 185;
- amount required for circulation -- 115, 288, 329, 333, 335-36, 345,
    348;
- laws governing circulation of commodities and money -- 115, 333,
    335-36;
- circuit of money and its currency -- 346;
- expenses of producing or buying money -- 361;
- advanced by capitalists to serve circulation of their commodities -- 405,
    461;
- mass of circulating money and banks -- 417;
- and wages -- 418;
- quantity of money accumulated -- 477;
- fluxes and refluxes of money and credit system -- 483;
- and reproduction -- 494.

See also Circulation, Gold, Reserve fund.

Money-capital:

- formula of its circuit -- 25;
- stages of its circuit -- 25-48, 50, 53;
- circuit of, and productive capital -- 34-35, 63-64;
- and commodity-capital -- 48, 50, 82;
- and industrial capital -- 50, 57, 82;
- circuit of, and compelling motive of capitalist production -- 58-59, 61,
    99;
- circulation and circuit of -- 61;
- form of hoard as function of -- 78-79, 85;
- within the circuit of industrial capital -- 79;
- latent -- 80, 85, 325-26, 353, 454;
- tying-up and setting free of -- 110-12;
- amount of, to be advanced -- 84, 110, 263;
- and credit system -- 286, 349;
- plethora of money-capital after crisis -- 287;
- and annual social production -- 326;
- scale of capitalist production and functioning of -- 359;
- and banks -- 416;
- potential (virtual) -- 494, 495, 496-97 500-04, 506-07;
- formation of new money-capital -- 513.

See also Advanced capital.

Money-market:

- and rise in prices -- 300;
- and speculative railway schemes -- 319;
- crises on, and abnormal conditions in process of production -- 322;
- and joint-stock companies -- 361.

See also Credit.

Monopoly:

- large-scale production as its basis -- 110.

Natural economy:

- of small peasant -- 118;
- natural economy, money-economy, and credit economy -- 119;
- natural economy of primitive communities -- 482.

Organic composition of capital:

- and distribution of social surplus-value -- 220;
- as ratio of constant to variable capital -- 220;
- and process of circulation -- 220;
- conditions for the growth of -- 518-19.

See also Value-composition of capital.

Over-production -- See Crises.

Peasantry:

- commodity production based on serfdom -- 110, 117;
- capitalist production and evolution of agricultural producer into wage-
    labourer -- 119-20;
- supplies in peasant economy -- 143;
- disarrangements caused among small farmers and peasants by prolongation
    of turnover -- 240;
- domestic peasant industries -- 245;
- combination of agriculture with subsidiary industries -- 245.

Physiocrats: -- 363-66;

- circuit of commodity-capital as basis of Quesnay's Tableau Economique
    -- 102;
- Quesnay on the difference between fixed and circulating capital -- 193-94,
    202;
- to physiocrats, only capital employed in agriculture is really productive
    capital -- 193, 216, 229, 363;
- origin of surplus-value according to -- 216, 223;
- simple reproduction according to Quesnay's Tableau Economique -- 363;
- system of, as first systematic conception of capitalist production -- 364;
- analysis of reproduction by -- 363-64;
- avance (advance) in -- 383, 500.

Political economy, bourgeois:

- criticism of Rodbertus's views on surplus-value -- 7-18;
- mercantilists on source of surplus-value -- 8;
- Adam Smith on surplus-value and its origin -- 8-9;
- Ricardo on value and surplus-value -- 11-12, 17, 221, 393;
- communism of Owen is based on Ricardo's economic theory -- 13;
- on purpose of capitalist production -- 70, 94;
- vulgar political economy gives out circulation of capital as its circuit --
    70-71;
- fetishism peculiar to -- 127, 227, 300;
- sees in circulation the source of self-expansion of value -- 127;
- confusion of categories of constant and variable capital with categories of
    fixed and circulating capital -- 163, 215, 220, 221, 228, 229, 441;
- confusion of properties of things a such with properties of capital -- 163,
    205;
- confusion of money-capital and comodity-capital with circulating part of
    productive capital -- 169, 207;
- Adam Smith on fixed and circulating capital -- 193-217, 230, 364, 366;
- Ricardo on fixed and circulating capital -- 219-30;
- physiocrats and Adam Smith place labour of workers on a level with that
    of labouring cattle -- 215; 217, 364, 376;
- Ricardo's theory of profit -- 227;
- analysis of reproduction with physiocrats -- 364;
- analysis of reproduction with Adam Smith -- 364-92, 438;
- Smith's mistakes as regards component parts of price of commodities --
    365, 373-74, 376-77, 392-94, 475;
- revenue as original source of exchangable value in Adam Smith -- 375,
    386, 391;
- identification of commodity production with capitalist production in
    Adam Smith -- 391;
- apologetic economists present labour-power as capital and labourer as
    capitalist -- 444;
- free-trade school confuses circulation of capital with exchange of
    commodities -- 498.

See also Mercantilism, Physiocrats.

Precious metals -- See Gold, Money.

Price:

- of commodities and amount of money in circulation -- 115, 228;
- market, prices and acts of purchase and sale -- 328, 344;
- wages and price of production -- 342;
- wage increases and rises in prices -- 344;
- divergence of prices from values, and movement of social capital -- 396;
- rise of prices in periods of prosperity -- 414.

Production -- See Capitalist mode of production.

Productive capital:

- and creation of value and surplus-value -- 28, 49-50, 76;
- distribution of elements of production -- 32;
- general formula of circuit of -- 65, 87-88;
- productive consumption and circulation -- 76;
- formula of reproduction on an enlarged scale -- 81;
- its division into fixed and circulating capital -- 161, 170, 192, 199,
    201, 205;
- capital of circulation as opposed to -- 194, 196, 198, 206;
- difference in behaviour of its elements in labour-process -- 199-200;
- constantly functioning quantity of -- 272;
- multiplication of its elements without additional money-capital -- 358;
- production of additional productive capital -- 501.

Productive power of labour:

- and continuous change in value-relations -- 74;
- growth of, and cheapening of elements of production -- 95-96;
- capitalist mode of production and -- 143;
- methods of increasing -- 143;
- and mass of means of production -- 143;
- is inversely proportional to value it creates -- 152;
- and transportation of goods -- 152;
- and continuity of production -- 284;
- and expansion of production -- 324;
- and scale of production -- 360;
- and accumulation of capital -- 360;
- and growth of organic composition of capital -- 517-18;
- augments quantity of product, not its value 360.

Profit:

- law of value and average rate of -- 19;
- equalisation of general rate of -- 218;
- Ricardo's theory of -- 227.

Purchase and sale:

- scale of reproduction and time of realisation -- 40, 140;
- transfer of functions of purchase and sale to merchant -- 133;
- volume of supply and volume of sales -- 148;
- period of selling and fluctuations of market -- 253;
- distance from market and time of selling -- 253, 321.

See also Merchant's capital, Trade.

Railways -- See Transport.

Rent:

- Rodbertus's conception of -- 7-8, 11, 13;
- Adam Smith's definition of -- 10;
- Ricardo's conception of -- 11-12;
- speculative building and growth of -- 237.

Repairs:

- cost of -- 121, 176, 177, 178, 449;
- calculation of cost of -- 178;
- ordinary and substantial -- 179;
- repairs proper and replacement -- 180-81;
- intermingled with partial reproduction -- 183.

Replacement of capital:

- and extension of production -- 173-74;
- and repairs -- 180-81;
- size of -- 182-83;
- and previous accumulation of money -- 183-84;
- replacement of fixed capital -- 173, 185, 453-56;
- replacement of means of production and moral depreciation -- 188;
- replacement of wear and tear of a hoard -- 329-30;
- and pocess of reproduction -- 397.

See also Reproduction, Wear and tear.

Reproduction:

- capitalist reproduction as reproduction of class of wage-labourers and
    class of capitalist -- 34, 385, 396, 420;
- and circulation -- 40-41, 150, 204, 355-57;
- and separation of realised capital into capital-value and surplus-value
    -- 44;
- as a periodical renewal of functioning of productive capital -- 65, 94;
- and consumption -- 77-78;
- and crises -- 78, 471-72, 498-99;
- formation of reproduction fund -- 95;
- effect of changes in values of means of production on scale of reproduction
    -- 109-11;
- and unproductive functions -- 133;
- credit and real movement of -- 150;
- time of reproduction of living instruments of labour -- 173;
- in agriculture -- 247, 363;
- reduction of reproduction period and annual rate of surplus-value -- 318;
- and two departments of social product -- 372, 399-400;
- and replacement of value and substance of component parts of social
    product -- 396, 397;
- and hoarding -- 455;
- annual reproduction of gold and silver -- 473-74.

See also Replacement of capital.

Reproduction, simple:

- and individual consumption of capitalist -- 67, 71, 328, 400, 413, 415;
- and circulation of surplus-value -- 67, 68-71;
- and production of new constant capital-value -- 372, 430, 442;
- as an actual factor of accumulation -- 399;
- and two departments of social production -- 399;
- scheme of -- 400-01;
- proportions in -- 406, 412, 430, 435, 469, 523;
- and crises -- 471;
- and storing up of money -- 476;
- and reproduction on an extended scale -- 500, 509-10.

Reproduction on an extended scale:

- and increased individual consumption -- 77-78;
- and its proportions -- 79, 500, 518;
- and latent money-capital -- 79-80, 325;
- and productivity of labour -- 95, 96, 101;
- and fall in value of means of production -- 110;
- and accumulation -- 110, 324, 505;
- and money reserve fund for replacement of capital -- 175;
- extensive and intensive expansion of production -- 324;
- and simple reproduction -- 500, 509-10, 521;
- schemes of -- 509-26.

Reserve army of wage-labourers -- 320, 414, 505, 517-18.

See also Labour-power.

Reserve-capital -- See Supply.

Reserve fund:

- money-accumulation fund as -- 86;
- and surplus-value -- 87, 350;
- and bank deposits -- 348.

Revenue:

- net revenue and consumption fund -- 368;
- value of annual product of revenue of society -- 369, 372;
- derivative revenues -- 376;
- Adam Smith's erroneous views on -- 376, 392;
- and capital in Adam Smith -- 382-88;
- of labourer -- 382, 383-84, 385, 386, 391.

Russia:

- study by Marx of agrarian relarions in Russia -- 3,
- transition from serf system to capitalism -- 33-34;
- landownership of village community -- 34;
- commodity production under serfdom -- 113;
- domestic industries in agriculture -- 244-45.

Serfdom:

- state production based on -- 113;
- labour of peasant serf -- 389-90.

Slavery:

- purchase and sale of slaves -- 32;
- commodity production based on -- 113, 117, 390;
- capital invested in purchase of labour-power under -- 482;
- and natural economy -- 483;
- direct physical compulsion under -- 483.

Social product:

- two departments of -- 372, 399-400;
- replacement of value and substance of component parts of -- 397, 398;
- composition of -- 434-35;
- as capital and as revenue -- 440.

Socialised production -- See Communist society

State capital:

- functions of industrial capitalists performed by governments -- 99;
- state production under pre-capitalist systems -- 113, 236;
- government securities as outstanding clais on annual product of nation
    -- 353.

Stock exchange:

- marginal transactions -- 347.

Storage:

- costs of -- 125, 138-39, 252.

See also Supply.

Suez Canal:

- and world trade -- 256.

Supply:

- formation of -- 139-45;
- commodity-supply proper -- 145-50;
- productive supply and continuity of process of production -- 123, 139,
    146, 191;
- commodity-capital and commodity-supply -- 139, 140, 146-48, 191;
- Adam Smith on formation of -- 142-43;
- forms of -- 143;
- and consumption fund -- 142;
- volume of -- 143-44, 148, 149, 150;
- costs of formation and preservation of -- 146-151;
- social concentration of -- 147;
- formation of, and commodity circulation -- 147-49;
- and stagnation of circulation -- 149, 151;
- renewal of -- 149-50;
- in socialised production -- 472-73;
- bulging size of commodity-supply -- 151;
- volume of, and repetition of purchases -- 191;
- in agriculture -- 248-49;
- size of productive supply and turnover of capital -- 249-50;
- working period and productive supply -- 294;
- analysis of annual reproduction and commodity-supply -- 509.

Surplus-value [Surplus-labour, Surplus-product]:

- theory of, pith and marrow of political economy -- 2, 7;
- mercantilists on source of -- 8;
- criticism of Rodbertus's views on it -- 7-8, 17-18;
- Adam Smith on it and its source -- 8;
- Ricardo on -- 11-14, 17-19, 227-28;
- as general form of value appropriated without equivalent -- 10;
- anti-capitalist English literature of twenties and thirties on -- 12;
- Marx's theory of, a revolution in political economy -- 14-16;
- circulation of, in simple reproduction -- 67, 68-71;
- capitalisation of -- 80-85, 110, 123, 324, 507;
- circuit of -- 89, 94-96, 99;
- division of, into revenue and part to be accumulated -- 100, 507;
- difference between constant and variable capital and formation of --
    224-25, 229;
- annual rate of -- 299, 306-07, 318, 324;
- magnitude of variable capital and quantity of -- 301, 302;
- accumulation of, and expansion of business -- 325;
- distribution of -- 338, 415, 425;
- money required for realisation of -- 338-39, 423;
- insurance-fund of production -- 368;
- appropriation of, as essential element of process of production -- 389;
- consumption of, in simple reproduction -- 401;
- and potential money-capital -- 494, 495.

Technique:

- capitalist mode of production and revolutions in -- 37, 57, 109, 175,
    187;
- and expansion of production -- 79;
- introduction of technical improvements and accumulation -- 122.

See also Machinery, Means of production.

Time of circulation:

- and productive capital -- 126;
- and sale -- 128, 252;
- and change of prices -- 256.

See also Purchase and sale.

Time of production:

- and period of labour-process -- 124, 126, 242;
- and time of functioning of means of production -- 123-24;
- and velocity of turnover of capital -- 236, 243;
- difference between production time and working time in agriculture --
    244, 245, 246;
- and timber-growing -- 247-48.

Trade:

- development of, as premise of capitalist production -- 33, 36, 113;
- effect of world trade on peoples of the East -- 36;
- as function of merchant's capital -- 113, 134, 135;
- world trade and development of transportation facilities -- 255-56;
- capitalist production and foreign trade -- 472, 474;
- foreign trade and analysis of reproduction -- 474;

See also Market, Merchant's capital.

Trade unions -- 344.

Transport [Transport industry]:

- useful effect of transport industry -- 54, 162;
- production and consumption in transport industry -- 54, 162;
- exchange-value of useful effect if transportation -- 54;
- formula of circuit for transport industry -- 57;
- development of transport facilities and supplies -- 145;
- costs of transportation -- 151-55;
- transport industry as continuation of process of production within process
    of circulation -- 155;
- transport industry, as independent branch of production -- 155;
- moral depreciation in transport -- 173;
- development of, and new centres of production -- 253;
- development of, and turnover of capital 254, 255;

Truck-system -- 512, 520.

Turnover of capital:

- circuit and turnover of capital -- 158;
- turnover time -- 158-59;
- formula for number of turnovers -- 159;
- peculiarity of turnover of fixed capital -- 166;
- and difference between fixed and circulating capital -- 170, 192, 204,
    282;
- different turnover times of different elements of fixed capital -- 172;
- aggregate turnover of advanced capital -- 186;
- turnover time of value of advanced capital and actual turnover time of its
    component parts -- 188;
- cycle of turnovers -- 188, 257;
- turnover of variable capital and circulating component of constant capital
    -- 202;
- velocity of turnover -- 236, 243, 255;
- reduction of turnover time in agriculture -- 246-48;
- time of selling and period of -- 252;
- and development of transportation -- 254;
- difference in turnover of constant and variable components of circulating
    capital -- 297;
- and relation between capital advanced and capital employed -- 305;
- accelerated turnover and accelerated currency -- 346;
- shortening of turnover period -- 360-61;
- turnover period and material nature of process of production -- 361

Unemployment:

- and crisis of over-production -- 320, 414.

U. S. A.:

- Civil War -- 144;
- export of cotton to England -- 146;
- production of gold and silver -- 473-74;
- slavery -- 483.

Use-value:

- commodity as -- 60, 77;
- production of, is not the purpose of capitalist production -- 70;
- and time of circulation of commodities -- 75, 129-30.

Value:

- reduced to labour and surplus-value to surplus-labour in Adam Smith
    -- 13;
- average rate of profit and law of -- 19;
- purchase of labour-power and transformation of value into capital -- 28;
- labour cannot have any value -- 29;
- changes in value-realtions -- 74, 107-08, 397-98;
- discrepencies between price and -- 93, 397;
- revolutions in value of social capital -- 107-08, 109;
- its identification with exchange-value by Bailey -- 109;
- of social product and its material constituents -- 434.

See also Surplus-value.

Value composition of capital:

- its effect on magnitude of capital-value -- 69;
- its change with the growth of capital -- 84;
- and minimum size of capital to be advanced -- 84, 85.

See also Organic composition of capital.

Variable capital:

- labour-power as -- 167, 210, 374-75;
- Adam Smith's erroneous views on variable capital -- 209-10, 216-17,
    222;
- turnover of constant and variable part of circulating capital -- 297;
- advanced and employed -- 303;
- return to capitalists I and II of variable capital laid out for wages -- 406,
    418, 451;
- time for which it is advanced -- 418.

Wages:

- creation by Marx of first rational theory -- 16;
- and value of product -- 17, 72;
- as disguised form of price of labour-power -- 29, 116;
- as converted form of labourer's future labour -- 73;
- savings from -- 120;
- and prices -- 343, 345;
- and intensification of exploitation -- 359;
- as form of labourer's revenue -- 391;
- role of money advanced for wages in circulation -- 418, 482;
- their depression below normal average -- 512.

Wear and tear:

- and costs of repairs -- 121;
- moral depreciation of means of production -- 173, 188;
- sinking fund -- 183-85;
- of fixed capital and price of products -- 201;
- replacement of wear and tear -- 457-61.

See also Replacement of capital.

Worker, working-class -- See Classes, Labour-power

Working-day:

- and working period -- 232;
- length of, and employment of fixed capital -- 240;
- and production of surplus-value -- 389.

Working period:

- duration of, and investment of circulating capital -- 233, 321;
- undertakings requiring a long working period -- 235-36;
- means of reducing it -- 236, 237;
- advanced capital and reduction of -- 237;
- means of reducing it in agriculture -- 237-38;
- time of production and working time -- 242-51;
- and fixed capital -- 280-81;
- reduction of, and productive supply -- 292;
- and matrial conditions of production -- 320, 361.

World-market -- See Circulation, Market, Trade